Ensuring Digital Equity in Smart City Initiatives: Participatory Models for Pro-Poor Urban Planning in Nigeria

Authors

  • B. S. Odediran Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
  • S. E. Okosun University of Benin, Nigeria.
  • E. E. Okodudu University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
  • S. A. Olatunji Federal University Oye- Ekiti, Nigeria
  • O. A. Aladelokun Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria
  • C. C. Onyeneke University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
  • T. C. Banki Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria.
  • U. O. Ugochukwu Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, USA
  • S. A. Ipinmoroti Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
  • I. M. Onuorah Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
  • I. E. Kikanme Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26437/qzzvxt33

Keywords:

Digital Equity. Participatory Models. Pro-Poor. Smart City Initiatives.Urban Planning

Abstract

Purpose: Nigeria's burgeoning smart city initiatives hold the promise of urban transformation, yet they face the critical challenge of digital inequity, potentially exacerbating existing socio-economic issues. This study analyses the specific challenges to ensuring digital equity within the context of Nigeria's smart city development. designed to foster inclusivity and equitable outcomes, as it contributes to the broader understanding of how to achieve inclusive and ethical digital governance in developing nations.                                        

Design/Methodology/Approach: This research employs a mixed-methods approach, including a case study analysis of emerging smart city projects and the proposal of a novel Community-Driven Digital Inclusion Model (CD-DIM), to examine barriers to digital inclusion and evaluate the potential of participatory governance in the Nigerian context.

Research Limitation: This research examines the specific challenges to achieving digital equity in the context of Nigeria's smart city development.

Findings: The anticipated key findings underscore the need to prioritise community engagement, co-creation, and culturally relevant digital literacy programs to bridge the digital divide. The proposed CD-DIM offers a framework for fostering inclusive physical and digital forums, implementing shared decision-making mechanisms, and ensuring targeted outreach to marginalised communities.

Practical Implication: This research contributes to the discourse on inclusive digital governance by providing a context-specific model for developing nations like Nigeria, emphasising practical strategies.

Social Implication: The study underscores the urgency of adopting a development approach that is both technologically advanced and intrinsically socially inclusive.

Originality and value: The study recommended a policy to build trust, bridge digital divides, and ensure the equitable distribution of the benefits of smart city development.

Author Biographies

  • B. S. Odediran, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

     

    Bukola Sunday Odediran is a Principal Town Planner in the Department of Sustainable Environmental Studies at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

  • S. E. Okosun, University of Benin, Nigeria.

     

    Dr.  Senator Endurance Okosun is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Benin, Nigeria.

  • E. E. Okodudu, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

    Dr Ezinneka Eunice Okodudu is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography and Environmental Management at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

  • S. A. Olatunji, Federal University Oye- Ekiti, Nigeria

    Dr. Solomon Ayodeji Olatunji is an Associate Professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the  Federal University Oye- Ekiti, Nigeria.  

  • O. A. Aladelokun, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria

    Prof Adeniji Olawale Aladelokun is a Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Management at the Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria.

  • C. C. Onyeneke, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

    Dr Christopher Chimaobi Onyeneke is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

  • T. C. Banki, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria.

    Dr. Banki Thomas Chunwate. Is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Environmental Management at Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria.

  • U. O. Ugochukwu, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, USA

    Ugochukwu Udonna Okonkwo is a multidisciplinary researcher, geospatial analyst, and alumnus of the Department of Geography and GIS at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE), USA.

  • S. A. Ipinmoroti, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

    Samuel. A Ipinmoroti is a  Researcher in the  Department of Landscape Architecture at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

  • I. M. Onuorah, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

    Dr. Ikenna Michael Onuorah is a Lecturer 1 in the Department of Architecture at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

  • I. E. Kikanme, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

    Dr. Emmanuel Ikemefune Kikanme is Lecturer 1in the Department of Architecture at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

References

Abdullah, Z. R. M. K. (2024). Smart governance for smart cities and nations. Journal of

Economy and Technology, 2, 216-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2024.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2024.07.003

Adẹwunmi, Y., Chigbu, U. E., Mwando, S., & Kahireke, U. (2023). Entrepreneurship role in the

co-production of public services in informal settlements − A scoping review. Land Use Policy, 125, 106479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106479

Alfaiz, A. (2025). Chapter 4 - Global best practices in smart concepts. In A. Alfaiz (Ed.), Smart

Cities, Smart Nation (pp. 139-230). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-34127-4.00004-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-34127-4.00004-7

Amankwaa, G., Heeks, R., & Browne, A. L. (2023). Smartening up: User experience with smart

water metering infrastructure in an African city. Utilities Policy, 80, 101478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101478

Bedi, C., Kansal, A., & Mukheibir, P. (2023). A conceptual framework for the assessment of and

the transition to liveable, sustainable and equitable cities. Environmental Science & Policy, 140, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.11.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.11.018

Bibri, S. E., Huang, J., Jagatheesaperumal, S. K., & Krogstie, J. (2024). The synergistic interplay

of artificial intelligence and digital twin in environmentally planning sustainable smart cities: A comprehensive systematic review. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 20, 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2024.100433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2024.100433

Bibri, S. E., Huang, J., Omar, O., & Kenawy, I. (2025). Synergistic integration of digital twins

and zero energy buildings for climate change mitigation in sustainable smart cities: A

systematic review and novel framework. Energy and Buildings, 333, 115484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115484

Charitonidou, M. (2024). Chapter 17 - Smart cities as spaces of flows and the digital turn in

architecture and urban planning: Big data vis-à-vis environmental and social equity. In Z. Lyu (Ed.), Smart Spaces (pp. 391–413). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13462-3.00003-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13462-3.00003-0

Churk, J. P. (2022). Digital communication for civic engagement opportunity in urban Tanzania. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26437/ajar.31.10.2022.26

African Journal of Applied Research, 8(2), 371-383.

Gu, Q., Sing, M. C. P., Jefferies, M., & Kanjanabootra, S. (2025). Bridging the gap between

smart cities and sustainability: Current practices and future trends. Cities, 159, 105799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.105799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.105799

Hassan, A. H., Ahmed, E. M., Hussien, J. M., Sulaiman, R. B., Abdulhak, M., & Kahtan, H.

(2025). A cyber physical sustainable smart city framework toward society 5.0: Explainable AI for enhanced SDGs monitoring. Research in Globalization, 10, 100275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100275

Hadzic, S. (2024). South Africa's digital transformation: Understanding the limits of traditional

policies and the potential of alternative approaches. Computer Law & Security Review, 55, 106011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106011

Hewitt, R., van Delden, H., & Escobar, F. (2014). Participatory land use modelling, pathways to DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.10.019

an integrated approach. Environmental Modelling & Software, 52, 149–165.

Joyce, A., & Javidroozi, V. (2024). Smart city development: Data sharing vs. data protection DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4625272

legislations. Cities, 148, 104859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.104859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.104859

Kaiser, Z. R. M. A. (2024). Major dimensions of smart city: A systematic literature review.

Procedia Computer Science, 234, 996-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.03.089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.03.089

Kolotouchkina, O., Llorente Barroso, C., & Manfredi Sánchez, J. L. (2022). Smart cities, the

digital divide, and people with disabilities. Cities, 123, 103613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103613

Lawal, K. A, Ogundiran, R. O, Ogunsesan, A. S, Olagunju, D. O and Okosun, S. E (2020). Urban

public space quality evaluation in Ibadan: A prerequisite for public space design guidelines and management solutions in Nigeria. 51st National Conference of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners on Envisioning Nigerian Cities Beyond 2020, Pp 141-164.

Lee, W., Gross, K. J., Yong, C., Chelmis, C., & Zois, D.-S. (2025). Who reaps the benefits of

smart management of neighborhood complaints?: Impact of online participatory forums

on neighborhood equity. Cities, 158, 105716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.105716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.105716

Lnenicka, M., Hervert, P., & Horak, O. (2024). Understanding big data and data protection

measures in smart city strategies: An analysis of 28 cities. Urban Governance, 4(4), 255-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2024.12.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2024.12.008

Lynch, K., Nel, E., & Binns, T. (2020). ‘Transforming Freetown’: Dilemmas of planning and

development in a West African city. Cities, 101, 102694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102694

Mora, L., Gerli, P., Ardito, L., & Messeni Petruzzelli, A. (2023). Smart city governance from an

innovation management perspective: Theoretical framing, review of current practices, and future research agenda. Technovation, 123, 102717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102717 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102717

Mullick, M., & Patnaik, A. (2022). Pandemic management, citizens and the Indian Smart cities:

Reflections from the right to the smart city and the digital divide. City, Culture and Society, 30, 100474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2022.100474 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2022.100474

Nassereddine, H., & Khoshkenar, A. (2025). Chapter 19 - Smart cities: Digital transformation for

sustainable urban development. In E. N. Farsangi, M. Noori, T. Y. Yang, V. Sarhosis, S.

Mirjalili, & M. J. Skibniewski (Eds.), Digital Transformation in the Construction Industry (pp. 389–415). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-29861-5.00019-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-29861-5.00019-6

Ntanda, A. & Carolissen, R., 2025, ‘Technology’s dual role in smart cities and social equality: A

systematic literature’, Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation 6(0), a238.

https://doi.org/10.4102/jolgri.v6i0.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jolgri.v6i0.238

Okosun, S.E, Ayo-Odifiri, O.S, Popoola A.S and Ige, V.A (2020). An assessment of

stakeholder’s perception of Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences, Environmental Studies & Technology. (5)1 Pp 179 -192. Available online at http://internationalpolicybrief.org/journals/international-scientific research consortium-journals/intl-jrnl-of-advanced-research-in-soc-sci-environmental studies-tech-vol5no1-april-2020. ISSN: 2536-6505.

Okosun, S.E, Ajisola, T.K, Omokhafe, C, Balogun, E and Ayo-Odifiri, O.S. (2016). Infrastructure

and societal restlessness in a developing country (A Case of Nigeria). International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research 4(2), 43-51. Available Online at www.researchpublish.com. ISSN 2348-7607.

Osinubi, T. T., Ajide, F. M., & Simatele, M. (2025). What role does digitalization play in the

entrepreneurship-sustainable development nexus in Africa? Journal of Open Innovation:

Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(1), 100500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100500

Oyadeyi, O. A., & Oyadeyi, O. O. (2025). Towards inclusive and sustainable strategies in smart

cities: A comparative analysis of Zurich, Oslo, and Copenhagen. Research in Globalization, 10, 100271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100271

Sameer, N., Alalouch, C., Saleh, M. S., & Al-Saadi, S. (2022). Towards sustainable smart cities:

A study on digital participatory planning in Oman. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil

Engineers - Urban Design and Planning, 175(2), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00040

Sameer, N., Alalouch, C., Saleh, M. S., & Al-Saadi, S. (2025). 3D digital participatory planning

in smart and sustainable cities: An evaluation empirical study. Proceedings of the

Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning, 178(2), 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.24.00058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.24.00058

Stadnikov, V., Likhva, N., Miroshnichenko, N., Kostiuk, V., & Dorozhko, Y. (2025). Exploring

geoinformation technology potential for automating the development and maintenance of digital topographic maps. African Journal of Applied Research, 11(1), 146-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26437/ajar.v11i1.832

Tarekegne, B., & Sidortsov, R. (2021). Evaluating sub-Saharan Africa’s electrification progress:

Guiding principles for pro-poor strategies. Energy Research & Social Science, 75, 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102045

Downloads

Published

05-04-2026

How to Cite

Ensuring Digital Equity in Smart City Initiatives: Participatory Models for Pro-Poor Urban Planning in Nigeria. (2026). AFRICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, 12(2), 341-360. https://doi.org/10.26437/qzzvxt33

Most read articles by the same author(s)