Impact of Village Community Bank Loans on Smallholder Farmers’ Household Income in Kiteto District, Tanzania.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26437.ajar.03.2022.19Abstract
Purpose: The major purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Village Community Bank (VICOBA) loans on smallholder farmers’ household income in Kiteto District, Tanzania.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study involved 100 smallholder farmers who had accessed VICOBA loans. The study applied a cross-sectional survey design. In the case of the study approach, it was a mixed method. The data were solicited from smallholder farmers through questionnaire, in-depth interviews and FGDs. The collected data were analysed using regression analysis. Prior to data analysis, econometric tests for normality, multicollinearity and goodness of fit of the model were undertaken and no violation of regression model assumptions was found. Also, the reliability test using Cronbach’s Alpha was conducted and the coefficient (0.851) signifies that the data collection instrument was reliable.
Findings: The results of this study indicate that loan amount, interest rate, loan accessibility and transaction costs had a significant impact on smallholder farmers’ income. On the contrary, the grace period, repayment period and mode of repayment were not significant. The study findings imply that the VICOBA loans had an impact on the income of smallholder farmers, and have improved their living conditions as well as assisted them to climb out of excessive poverty.
Implications/Research Limitations: This study used cross-sectional data to examine the impact of VICOBA loans on smallholder farmers’ household income in Kiteto district, Tanzania. Based on the scope of this study, the generalisation of results might not provide a good picture of how smallholder farmers’ income is influenced by VICOBA loans.
Practical Implications: The findings of this paper would be useful as will awaken the Government and other institutions fighting against poverty to formulate and integrate the VICOBA development framework into the National Poverty Reduction Strategy as well as to review and reformulate effective cooperative and microfinance policies and guidelines to make them friendlier and accessible to smallholder farmers.
Originality/Value: Unlike previous studies, this study considers multi-dimensions of VICOBA loan such as loan amount, interest rate, loan accessibility, the sufficiency of the loan amount, the grace period given to a smallholder farmer, repayment period and mode of repayment, while assuming conducive weather, stable economy and favourable agricultural market conditions for farmers to acquire needed inputs and sell their produce at relatively higher prices.
References
Ablorh, W. (2011). Microfinance and Socio-Economic Empowerment of Women: A Case of Opportunity International Savings and Loans Clients [Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]
Acquah, H. D. & Addo, J. (2011). Determinants of loan repayment performance of fishermen: Empirical evidence from Ghana. Cercetări Agronomice În Moldova, 44(4), 89–97. http://www.uaiasi.ro/CERCET_AGROMOLD/CA4-11-08.pd
Adu-Gyamfi, E. & Ampofo, K. A. (2014). A Study of Effects of Microfinance Credit on Community Farmers in Upper Denkyira East Municipality of Ghana. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 3(1), pp. 67-88
Aghion, P., Fally, T. & Scarpetta, S. (2007). Credit constraints as a barrier to the entry and post-entry growth of firms’, Economic Policy, 22, 731-779
Agnello, F. & Caramia, I. (2013). 4th European Microfinance Award: Microfinance for Food Security. Number 6, June 2013
AGRA FISFAP (2015). Assessment of Financial Services Landscape for Smallholder Farmers in Ghana, Kenya, and Tanzania: Final Report, 2015. Author.
Ahlén, m. (2012). Rural Member-Based Microfinance Institutions: A Field Study Assessing the Impacts of SACCOS and VICOBA in Babati District, Tanzania. Södertörn University, School of Life Sciences
Aikaeli, J., Garces-Urzainqui, D. & Mdadila, K. (2021). Understanding poverty dynamics and vulnerability in Tanzania. 2012-2018. Review of Development Economics, 25, 1869-1894
Ajit, K.B. & Anu, B. (2012). Microfinance and poverty reduction in India. Integrating Review Journal of Management, 5(1):31–35
Amin (2003). Does microcredit reach the poor and vulnerable? Evidence from northern Bangladesh, Journal of Development Economics, 70 (1).
Amuakwa-Mensah, F., Marbuah, G., & Ani-Asamoah Marbuah, D. (2017). Re-examining the determinants of non-performing loans in Ghana’s banking industry: Role of the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Journal of African Business, 18(3), 357–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2017.1308199
Anyelwisye, B. (2007). Impact of Microfinance Institutions on Poverty Reduction Among Smallholder Farmers: Case of Selected SACCOS in Dodoma Urban and Kongwa Districts (Masters Dissertation, Sokoine University of Agriculture]. SUAIR. http://suaire.suanet.ac.tz/handle/123456789/996/browse?type=author&value=Anyelwisye%2C+Brown
Arifin, S. A., Ekawaty, M. & Kaluge, D. (2020). The role of microfinance institutions in eradicating poverty in fishmonger communities in Makassar, Indonesia. Revista ESPACIOS, 41(40), 1-10
Awojobi, O.N. (2019). Microcredit as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria: A Systematic Review of Literature. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 18: 53-64
Baidoo, S.T., Yusif, H. & Ayesu, E.K. (2020). Improving loan repayment in Ghana: Does financial literacy matter? Cogent Economics & Finance, 8:1, 1787693, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2020.1787693
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R., & Kinnan, C. (2013). The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation.
Banerjee, S.B. & Jackson, L.R. (2017). Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh. Human Relations, 70, 63 - 91.
Bateman, M. & Chang, H-J. (2009). The Microfinance Illusion, Working Paper, University of Juraj Dobrila Pula, Croatia, and University of Cambridge, UK.
Bhatt & Shui-Yan, (1998). The Problem of Transaction cost on group-based micro lending: an institutional perspective. World Development, 32(4), pp. 623-637.
Bika, Z., Subalova, M. & Locke, C. (2021). Microfinance and Small Business Development in a Transitional Economy: Insights from Borrowers’ Relations with Microfinance Organisations in Kazakhstan. The Journal of Development Studies. http://.doi.org.10.1080/00220388.2021.1956472
Bradshaw, S., Chant, S. & Linneker, B. (2017). Gender and poverty: what we know, don’t know and need to know for agenda 2030. Gender, Place, and Culture ISSN 0966- 369X
Brown, A., Mackie, P., Smith, A. & Msoka, C. (2015). Financial Inclusion and Microfinance in Tanzania. Inclusive Growth: Tanzania Country Report. Cardiff School of Geography and Planning
Bryman A & Cramer, D. (1990). Quantitative data analysis for social scientists. Routledge. Chapter 5
Bwamwojo, G.G. (2013). Member-Based Micro-Finance Institutions and Reduction: A Case of Chamwino District in Dodoma Region [Masters Dissertation, The Open University Of Tanzania]. http://repository.out.ac.tz/908/1/George_final.pdf
Carr, M. (2005). Women economic empowerment: Key to development. In De Pauli, L. (ed) women’s empowerment and economic justice: reflecting on the experience in Latin and Caribbean. UNIFEM 1-6
Chomen, D.A. (2021). The role of microfinance institutions on poverty reduction in Ethiopia: the case of Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company at Welmera district. Futur Bus J 7, 44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00082-9
Christiaensen, L. & Hill, R. (2019) Poverty in Africa. In eds. K. Beegle & L. Christiaensen. Accelerating poverty reduction in Africa. The World Bank. 33-50.
Churk, J.P. (2015). Contributions of Savings and Credit Cooperative Society on Improving Rural Livelihood in Makungu ward Iringa, Tanzania. Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking (JEIEFB), 4(2), 1602-1614
Clark, V. P. & Creswell, J. W. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. vol, 3, 93-94.
Coase, R.H. (1937). The Nature of the Firm. Economica 4 (November): 386 – 405.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches: Sage.
Creswell, J.W. (2003), Research Design, Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Approach. (2nded), Sage publication.
De Goey, H. (2012). The Social Impact of Microfinance: What Changes in Well-Being are Perceived by Women Group Borrowers after Obtaining a Group Loan?; A participatory rural appraisal in Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania [Master Thesis, Uppsala University]. http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:546238/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Dean, D. (2011). Saving and the microfinance institution portfolio: bridging the gap between the needs of the poor and the capability of the institution. International Journal of Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 22(1):118-133.
Denscombe, M. (2010). The Good Research Guide: For small-scale social research projects, Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill.
Dhakal, C.P. (2016). Optimizing multiple regression models for rice production forecasting in Nepal. [Doctoral thesis]. Tribhuvan University Nepal.
Dhakal, C.P. (2018). Interpreting the Basic Outputs (SPSS) of Multiple Linear Regression. International Journal of Science and Research, 8(6), pp. 1448-1452.
Diagne, A. & M. Zeller (2001). Access to Credit and its Impact in Malawi. Research Report No. 116. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Duong, H.A. & Nghiem, H.S. (2014) Effects of microfinance on poverty reduction in vietnam : a pseudo-panel data analysis. Journal of Accounting Finance Economics, 4(2):58–67.
Ebimobowei, A., Sophia, J.M. & Wisdom, S. (2012). An analysis of microfinance and poverty reduction in Bayelsa State of Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(7):38-57.
EEA- Empowerment Enterprises of Africa (2009). A Business Plan for Starting a Microfinance Institution in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Gedion, O., Oyugi, D.M. & Munyithya, E. W. (2015). Effects of Women Enterprise Fund Loan on Women Entrepreneurs a Survey of Small and Medium Enterprises in Eldoret Town, Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 6, No. 12
Gerli, B. (2015, October 15th and 16th,). Microfinance and food security IFAD's experiences in empowering rural women (Paper presentation). Fondazione Giordano dell’ Amore-Improving Financial Inclusion of Smallholder Farmers. 2015Milan, Italy
Gidigbi, M.O. (2021). Specialised Bank’s Credit Provision in Nigeria: Implication on Poverty Reduction. African Journal of Economic Review, IX(II), 151-171
Girabi, F. & Mwakaje, A.E.G. (2013). Impact of Microfinance on Smallholder Farm Productivity in Tanzania: The Case of Iramba District. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2013, 3(2):227-242
Godquin, M. (2004). Microfinance Repayment Performance in Bangladesh: How to Improve the Allocation of Loans by MFIs. World Development 32 (11): 1909–1926.
Grant, W.J., High, C. & Allen, (2002). Successful financial intermediation in Rural Sahel. an Article for CARE- Niger’s Mata Masu Dubara (MMD) project.
Haider, H. (2020). The bottom billion in Africa: Poverty trends and forecasts. K4D Helpdesk Report 922. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies
Haji, Y.H (2013). The Contribution of Microfinance Institutions to Poverty Reduction at South District in Zanzibar [Masters thesis, The Open University of Tanzania]. Repository. http://repository.out.ac.tz/id/eprint/1009
Handley, G., Higginsm K., Sharma, B., Bird, K. & Cammack, D. (2009).Poverty and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa: An overview of the issues. Overseas Development Institute, Working Paper 299
Harns, S. D. (2007). State of Microcredit Summit Campaign Report. 72pp. http:www//.promujer.org/publication/our-publication-4-pdf-En- SOCRO7-Eng.pdf
Haule, A. L. (2015). Contribution of Village Community Banks in Household Rice Production: A Case Of Morogoro District [Masters Dissertation, Mzumbe University]. Digital research repository. http://hdl.handle.net/11192/946
Hussain, J., Mahmood, S. & Scott, J. (2019). Gender, microcredit and poverty alleviation in developing country: The case of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of International Development, 31, 247-270
Ikpefan, O. A., Taiwo, J. N. & Isibor, A. (2016). Microfinance (Mf) and Poverty Alleviation In Southwest Nigeria: Empirical Evidence. Journal of South African Business Research, 1–19. https://doi.org/DOI:10.5171/2016.137638
International Labour Organisation, (2008). Voices of women entrepreneurs in Tanzania. International Labour Office; in Partnership with Irish Aid. 32 p. ISBN: 978-92-2-121363-5; 978-92-2-121364-2
Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: a critical analysis of the third Millennium Development Goal. Gender and Development, 13(1), 13-24
Kanoni, R.G. (2015). The Role and Effects of Micro Finance Institutions Loan on Women Micro and Small Enterprises: A Case Study of Women Micro Enterprises in Kigoma, Tanzania [Masters Dessertation, The open University of Tanzania]. http://repository.out.ac.tz
Kasoga, P.S. & Tegambwage, A.G. (2021). An assessment of over-indebtedness among microfinance institutions’ borrowers: The Tanzanian perspective. Cogent Business & Management, 8:1, 1930499. http://.doi.org.10.1080/23311975.2021.1930499
Kiiru, J,M.M. (2007). The Impact of Microfinance on Rural Poor Households’Income and Vulnerability to Poverty: Case Study of Makueni District, Kenya [Masters dissertation, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/47021
Kinisia, G.R.O. (2019). Assessment of the Impact of VICOBA in Poverty Alleviation: A Case of Babati Rural District. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(5), 108-128
Kothari, C. R., & Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International (P) Ltd.
Kwai, M.D. & Urassa, J.K. (2015). The contributions of savings and credits cooperative societies to income poverty reduction: A case study of Mbozi district, Tanzania. Journal of African studies and Development, 7(4), 99-111
Lacey, A. and Luff, D. (2001). Qualitative data analysis. Sheffield: Trent Focus. pp. 320-357.
Ledgerwood, J., Earne, J. & Nelson, C. (2013). The new Microfinance Handbook: A Financial Market Systems Perspective. Green Press Initiative. 504pp.
Lucas, J. & Akarro, R.R.J.(2016). Some Factors Associated with Operations of Village Community Banks (VICOBAs) for Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania A Case of Ilala District, Tanzania. International journal of management and economics Invention. 2(9); pp 748-758
Madole, H. (2013). The Impact of Microfinance Credit On The Performance Of SMEs In Tanzania: A Case Study Of National Microfinance Bank-Morogoro [Masters dissertation, Mzumbe University]. http://scholar.mzumbe.ac.tz/bitstream/handle/11192/492/MBA%20CM%20Dissertation%20-%20Hamisi%20Madole-2013.pdf?sequence=1
Magali, J. J. (2013). Factors Affecting Credit Default Risks for Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Society (SACCOS) in Tanzania. European Journal of Business and Mnagement. 5(32)
Mago, S. & Cephas, M. (2014). The Role of Micro-finance in Right-based Approach to Food in Africa. RJOAS, 5(29)
Mahmood, R., Zahari, A.S.M. & Zin, S.M. (2015). The Microcredit-Business Performance Relationship:Program Delivery Services as Mediator. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(6), 691-701
Malamsha, K.C.T. & Emanuel, K, M. (2014). Women Loan Repayment Rate: Evidence From Selected Microfinance Institutions, Moshi Municipality. Journal of Co-operative and Business Studies (JCBS), 2(1). ISSN 0856-9037
Manongi, M. (2013). Impact of Microfinance Institutions in Development of Textile Industries in Tanzania: The Case of Pride Tanzania [Masters Dissertation, The Open University of Tanzania]. http://repository.out.ac.tz/955/1/Neema-FINAL%5B1%5D.pdf
Mayoux, L. (2002). Microfinance and women’s empowerment: Rethinking ‘best practice’. Development Bulletin, 57, 76–81
Mbalani, Y.D. (2007). Cost Reduction Strategies in Sunflower Processing Enterprises: A Case of Nembu Sunflower Oil Mill [Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Sokoine University of Agriculture].
McFerson, H.M. (2010). Poverty among Women in SSA: A Review of Selected Issues. Journal of International Women’s Studies. 11(4)
Mecha, N.S. (2017). Effect of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction: A Critical Scrutiny of Theoretical Literature. Global Journal of Commerce and Management Perspectives, 6(3), 16-33
Mhando, G.D. (2017). The Impacts of Village Community Banks (Vicoba) Loans on Rise of Smallholder’s Household Income in Kiteto District in Tanzania [Masters Dissertation]. St John’s University of Tanzania
Mia, M.B. & Ramage, M. (2011, 4th December). IT project management in developing countries: approaches and factors affecting success in the microfinance sector of Bangladesh. In: 6th International Research Workshop on IT Project Management (IRWITPM), Shanghai, China.
Microfinance Barometer, (2019). Ten years alresdy! A look back at the microfinance trends. Convergences.
Mng’ang’a, J., Nyabakora, W.I. & Nyagali, R.L. (2020). Contribution of Microfinance Institutions in Empowering Women in Tanzania (A Case of Serengeti District Council). International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 63: 47-53
Mosedale, S. (2005). Assessing women’s empowerment: Towards a conceptual framework. Journal of International Development 17:243–57.
Moussa, F. (2020). Impact of microfinance loans on the performance of SMEs: the case of Lebanon. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(2), 769-779. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11110
Mtamakaya, C., Kessy, J., Jeremia, D., Msuya, S. & Stray-Pedersen, B. (2018). The impact of microfinance programmes on access to health care, knowledge to health indicators and health status among women in Moshi, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 20(2) Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v20i2.7
Muhammad, I.B., Bambale, A.J., Ibrahimu, M.A. & Sulaiman, S.A. (2019). Loan Characteristics, Loan Repayment and Performance of Small and MediumEnterprises in Kano Metropolitan: A Mediating Model. Journal of Finance, Accounting and Management, 10(1), 43-56
Munguti, M.J. & Wamugo, L. (2020). Microfinance Credit Accessibility and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Machakos County, Kenya. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics, 4(1), 71-79
Mustapha, M. B., Yusuf, B. I., & Abdullahi, A. N. (2019). Micro-financing and rural poverty reduction: A case of Rima Microfinance Bank in Goronyo Local Government Area, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 11(10), 256-264
Mutuma, K.G. & Omagwa, J. (2019). Microfinance Services and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Meru Town, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Education Research, 3(3), 78-92
Mwaipopo, R. & Dauda, M. (2019). Feminism, Women’s Agency, and Subjective Well-Being: Women’s Experiences of Village Community Banks in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Development Studies, 17(2); 21-43
Ngalemwa, D.M. (2013). The Contribution of Village Community Banks to Income Poverty Alleviation in Rufiji Delta [Masters Dissertation, Sokoine University of Agriculture]. http://suaire.suanet.ac.tz/bitstream/handle/123456789/479/
Nichols, S. (2004). A Case Study Analysis of the Impacts of Microfinance upon the Lives of the Poor in Rural China, RMIT University, Melbourne, 2000.
Nourse, T.H. (2001). The Missing Parts of Microfinance: Services for Consumption and Insurance. SAIS Review, 21(1):61-69. http://.doi.org.10.1353/sais.2001.0020
Nyerere, J.K. (1968). Socialism and Rural Development. In J.K.Nyerere (ed), Freedom and Socialism. Oxford University Press.
Nyingo, L.P. (2020). Access to Finance Among Entrepreneurs in Tanzania: A case of Selected Entrepreneurs in Kinondoni Municipal [Unpublished Masters Dissertation]. College of Business Education Dar es Salaam
Ochonogor, H.M. (2018). Improving Access of Small Business Owners to Microloan from Microfinance Institutions in Nigeria [PhD Thesis, Walden University]. Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at Scholar Works. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations
Odalo S.K., Achoki G. & Njugna A., (2016). Influence of interest rate on the financial performance of agricultural firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. American Journal of Finance, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 19-34
Odongo, J. (2014). Lending Terms and Financial Performance Of Small Medium Enterprises In Uganda: Case of Soroti District. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 5(2), 78-91
Ofori, I.K., Armah, M.K., Taale, F. & Ofori, P.E. (2021). Addressing the severity and intensity of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: how relevant is the ICT and financial development pathway?. Heliyon, 7(10),
Okibo B. W. & Makanga, N. (2014). Effects of micro finance institutions on poverty reduction in Kenya. International Journal of Current Research and academic Review, 2(2), 76-95
Okurut, F.N., Kagiso, M., Ama, N.O. & Okurut, M.L. (2014). The Impact of Microfinance on Household Welfare in Botswana. Botswana Journal of Economics, 12(1)
Pasha, S. A. M. & Negese, T. (2014). Performance of loan repayment determinants in ethiopian micro finance- an analysis. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 7(13), 29–49. https://ejbe.org/ EJBE2014Vol07No13p029PASHA-NEGESE.pdf
Polit, D. F. (2010). Statistics and data analysis for nursing research (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Prathap, B.N., Mahesh, K. & Karthik, K.R. (2018). Impact of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation. Journal of Management (JOM), 5(4), 278-286
Ragnar, O., Borchgrevink, A., Lazaro, E. & Temu, A. (2002). Poverty-Reducing Effects of Agricultural Development in Tanzania. Noragric Report No. 10. Noragric, Centre for International Environment and Development Studies Agricultural University of Norway (NLH). http://www.umb.no/statisk/noragric/publications/reports/2002_nor_rep_10.pdf
Robinson, M. (2001). The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable finance for the Poor. The World Bank.
Ruslan, R.A.H.M. (2018). Accessibility to microcredit and its impact on small and medium sized enterprises’ performance in Malaysia [Doctoral thesis, Lincoln University]. Research@Lincoln. https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/10184
Salia, P.J. (2016). Effects of Microcredit on Performance of Women Owned Microenterprises and Household Welfare in Arusha, Dar-Es-Salaam and Mwanza Cities in Tanzania [Doctoral thesis, Sokoine University Of Agriculture]. http://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/bitstream/handle/123456789/2079/
Salifu, A. T., Tofik-Abu, Z., Rahman, M. A., & Sualihu, M. A. (2018). Determinants of loan repayment performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana: The case of Asante Akyem Rural Bank. Journal of African Business, 19(2), 279–296. https:// doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2018.1440460
SEDIT (2008). A tool for community emancipation from poverty “MKUKUTA”. In: National Policy Dialogue on MKUKUTA, per Annual Consultative Meeting. 19–21 November 2008, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 11pp.
Sengupta, R. & Aubuchon, P. (2008). The Microfinance Revolution: An Overview. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 90(1)
Sigalla, J. & Carney, S. (2012). Poverty reduction through entrepreneurship: Microcredit, learning and ambivalence amongst women in urban Tanzania. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(4): pp 546–554.
Sumari, B.K. (2018). Access to Village Community Banks by Women and its Impacts on Household Gender Roles and Relations: A Case Study of Kijitonyama Ward, Dar Es Salaam Tanzania [Masters dissertation, University of Nairobi]. University of Nairobi digital repository. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/104708
Tasos, S., Amjad, M. I., Awan, M. S., & Waqas, M. (2020). Poverty Alleviation and Microfinance for the Economy of Pakistan: A Case Study of Khushhali Bank in Sargodha. Economies, 8(3), 63. http://.doi.org.10.3390/economies8030063
Terrel, S. (2011). Mixed methods research methodologies. The Qualitative Report, 17 (1), pp. 254 – 280
Thaher, L.M., Radieah, N.M. & Wan-Norhaniza, W.H. (2021). The Effect o fMicrofinance Services on Women Entrepreneurship: A Case Study in Jordan. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 807-815
The United Republic of Tanzania (2009). Village community Bank (VICOBA) in Tanzania.Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs/Poverty Eradication Department
Todaro, M.P. & Smith, S.C. (2012). Economic Development. 11th edition. Pearson Education Inc.
Toromo, K. (2020). Micro Credit Access and Financial Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Baringo County, Kenya [Masters Dissertation, Kenyatta University]. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/21847/
Torres-Reyna, O. (2007). Panel Data Analysis Fixed and Random Effects Using Stata (v. 4.2). Data & Statistical Services, Priceton University.
Ugiagbe, E. O. (2014). A Survey of the Perception of the Services of Micro Finance Institutions by the Female Service Users in Benin City, South-South, Nigeria. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, Vol.3 No.2, 2014 ISSN: 2147-4486
URT (2020). Tanzania in figures. Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Finance and Planning.
Uyanik, G.K. & Guler, N. (2013). A study on multiple linear regression analysis. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 106, 234-240
Villarreal, F.G. (ed.), (2017). Financial inclusion of small rural
producers. ECLAC Books, No. 147 (LC/PUB.2017/15-P), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Wangwe, S. & Lwakatare, M. (2004, March). Innovation in rural finance in Tanzania. In Third Annual Conference on Micro-finance held from 15th to 17th March.
Wangwe, S. (2004). The Future of Rural Finance in Tanzania: Innovations in Rural Finance (Paper Presentation). Third Annual National Conference on Microfinance, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
World Bank (2020). Reversals of fortune. Poverty and shared prosperity 2020. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34496/9781464816024.pdf
World Bank. (2019). Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33031 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Yunus, M. & Weber, K. (2007). Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism. The Microcredit Revolution, p. 43-76. Public Affairs, USA.
Zulfiqar, Z. & Ud-Din, N. (2015). Inflation, interest rate and firms’ performance: the shreds of evidence from the textile industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 4(2)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 AFRICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCHBy submitting and publishing your articles in the African Journal of Applied Research, you agree to transfer the copyright of the Article from the authors to the Journal ( African Journal of Applied Research).
